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  A

°±»ùÈýÒÒËá(NTA) aminotriacetic acid

°·»ùamino

炙ùammonium

°²È«µØ²ãsafe formation

°²È«ÊÔÆÆsafe destruction

°²È«×ê¾®safe drilling

ÛêÏÝdown warping region

òüºÏchelation

°¼ÏÝsag

°¼Ïݵزãsubsidence formation

°ÂÌÕϵOrdovician system

APIÄ£Äâ·¨API recommened method

B

¶à°Ðµãmultiple target point

°×Á¤Çàwhite asphalt

°×ÓÍmineral oil

°×ÔÆĸwhite mica

°ë͸Ĥsemipermeable membrane

°ü±»ÐõÄý¼Áflocculant

°ü±»envelop

°ü±»ÒÖÖÆÐÔencapsulating ability

±¥ºÍ¶Èsaturation

±¥ºÍ¶ÈÆÊÃæͼprofile map of degree of saturation

±¥ºÍÑÎË®saturated salt water

±³Ð±anticlinal

±µbarium

±½»·benzene ring

±½·Óphenyl hydroxide

±¾ÖÊÇø±ðessential difference

±Ãѹ¹ý¸ßoverhigh pumping pressure

±È±íÃæ»ýspecific surface area

±ÈÎüË®Á¿specific absorption

±ÈÖØÆ¿·¨density bottle method

±ÜÃâavoid

±ÍÂéÓÍricinus oil

±ß½çĦ²Áboundary friction

±âÔ壨¸¡ÓÎÖ²Îalgae

±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆvariation trend

±ê×¼»¯standardization

±ê×¼Õ³¶È²âÁ¿standard visicosity measure

±íÃæ´Ö²Ú¶Èroughness of the surface

±íÃæµçλsurface electric potential

±íÃæ»îÐÔ¼Ásurfactant ,surface active agent

±íÃæÄÜinterface energy

±íÃæÕ³¶Èsurface viscosity

±íÃæÅ×¹âsample surface

Aibbs±íÃ浯ÐÔAibbs surface elasticity

±íÃæÕÅÁ¦surface tension

±íÃ÷verify /reveal

±íƤϵÊý(S) skin coefficient

±ï×êbit bouncing

±öºº·½³Ìbingham equation

±ûÈý´¼glycerine

±ûÏ©Çéacrylonitrile

±ûÏ©Ëáacrylic acid

±ûÏ©ËáÑÎacrylate

±ûÏ©õ£°·acrylamide

±¡¶øÈ͵ÄÄà±ýthin,plastic and compacted mud-cake

񭒪flake

±¡ÈõµØ²ãweak formation

²´ËɱÈpoisson¡¯s ratio

°þÀëpeel off

²¹¾Èremediation

²»·ÖÉ¢Äཬnondispersed mud

²»¸ÉÈŵØÖʼ¾®play no role in geological logging

²»¾ùÖÊ´¢²ãheterogeneous reservoir

²»¾ùÔÈuneven

²»¿ÉÄæirreversible

²»Í¬³Ì¶Èinordinately

²¿·ÖË®½â¾Û±ûÏ©õ£°·(PHPA) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide

C

²ÎÊýÓÅÑ¡parametric optimization

²ÐËáreacted acid

²ÐÓà±¥ºÍ¶Èresidual staturation

²ÐÔügel residue , solid residue

²âÁ¿measure

²àÁ´side chain

²à×êˮƽ¾®sidetrack horizontal well

²ã¼äinterlayer

²ã¼ä¾àthe distance between the two crystal layer, layer distance

²ãÀíbedding

²ãÁ÷layer flow

²î¼õ·¨minusing

³¢ÊÔtrial

²ñÓÍdiesel oil

³¤Á¬µÞºÏÎïlong chain associated matter

²Ù×÷·½·¨operation method

³¬Éì¾®high deep well

³¬ÉîԤ̽¾®ultradeep prospecting well

³¬Éù²¨ultrasonography

³¬¸ßÃܶÈÄཬextremely high density mud

³¬Ï¸Ì¼Ëá¸Æsuper-fine calcium carbonate

²ú²ãproduction/pay zone

²ú²ã¿÷¿Õreservoir voidage

²úÁ¿production ,output

³Áµíprecipitation

³Á½µsubside

³Á½µËÙ¶Èsettling rate

³ÁÉ°sand setting

³ÄÌ×sleeve

³ÌÐòprogram

³É¶Ôˮƽ¾®paired parallel horizontal wells

³É·Öingredient

³É½º¼Ágelatinizing agent

³ÉĤÊ÷Ö¬film-forming resin

³ÉÑÒÐÔ²îpoor diagenetic grade

³Ðѹbearing pressure

³ÐѹµÍlower pressure resistance

³ÐѹÄÜÁ¦loading capacity

³ß´çdimension

³âÁ¦repulsion

³ýÁòЧ¹ûsulfur limitation effect

³ýÁò¼Ásulfur elimination

³ýÉ°Æ÷desander

´¥±äÐÔthixotropy

´¥±ä¼Áthixotropic agent

´¹³Ásag

´¹Ö±¾®vertical well

³äÆø×ê¾®Òºaerated drilling fluid

´Å»¯magnetization

´ÎÉúÓлúÑôÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïsecondary organic cationic polymer

³åÉ°sand removal

³åÊ´flush

³åË¢washing out

³åÏ´clean

³åϴЧÂÊcleaning efficiency

³åÏ´Òºwashing fluid

´Ó¡­½Ç¶Èfrom the standpoint of

´Ôʽ¾®cluster well

³í»¯¼Ágelling agent

³íÓÍÇøviscous oil area

³íÓͲØhigh oil reservoir

³õ²½·ÖÎöpreliminary analysis

³õʼ³í¶Èinitial consistency

³õʼճ¶Èinitial viscosity

³õ̽primary investigation

´¦Àí¼Áadditive ,treating-agent

´Ö·ÖÉ¢Äཬcoarse dispersed mud

´ÖÅÝÄ­¶Â©¹¤ÒÕcoarse-foam plugging technology

´ÙÄý¼Áaccelerating agent

´×Ëáacetate

´×ËáÄÆsodium acetate

´ÜÁ÷fluid channeling

´àÁÑembrittlement crack

´àÐÔbrittle/crisp ,fragility

´ß»¯¼Áaccelerant , catalyst

ÝÍÈ¡¼Áextracting agent

D

´ïÎ÷¶¨ÂÉDarcy¡¯s equation

´ó¶ÎË®²ãthick aqueous formation

´ó·Ö×ÓÇâ¼üÂçºÏ×÷ÓÃpolycomplexation of hydrogen bond

´ó»ÒÁ¿mass slurry

´ó¾®Ð±½Çhigh deviation angle

´ó¿éÑÒÑùbig rock sample

´ó¿é×êмmassive drilling cuttings

´óÀàgenera

´óÀíʯmarble

´óÀùʯ²ãlarge gravel bed

´óÁ¿·ÖÎöquantitative analysis

´óÅÅÁ¿Ï´¾®high flow rate washover

´óÅÅÁ¿Ñ­»·high flow rate circulation

´óλÒƶ¨Ïò¾®extended-reach directional well

´óб¶È×ê¾®big inclination/angle drilling

´óÖ±¾¶¾®ÑÛlarge hole

´ú±íÐÔÑÒÐÄrepresentive core sample

µ¥ÄþËátannate

µ¥Ìåmonomer

µ¥Ïà¹Ø·ÖÎö·¨analyzing method of single correlation

µ¥Ïà¹ØϵÊý¼ÓȨcoefficient weighted method of single correlation

µ¥ÖΌѹǿ¶Èuniaxial compressive strength

µªnitrogen

N-ôǼ׼Á°·N-hydroxymethyl amine

µ­Ë®fresh water

µ¥ÏòѹÁ¦Ôݶ¼Áunidirectional pressure temporary plugging additive

µ¼ÏòÂݸË×ê¾ßstearable assemly

µ¼ÏòÆ÷guider

µÈÎÂÇúÏßisothermal curve

µÍ¶¾ÓÍ»ùlow toxicity oil based

µÍ·µËÙlow return-velocity

µÍ¹ÌÏàÄཬlow solid drilling fluid

µÍ¼¶È©low-grade aldehyde

µÍÕ³ÍÁÏàÄཬlow clay content drilling fluid

µÒÈû¶û¶Â©¼Ádiacel plugging agent

µÎ¶¨titration

µ×Ë®·á¸»basal water abundance

µ×Ë®ÓͲؾ®bottom water reservoir well

µÚ¶þ½çÃæsecond contact surface

µÞºÏÎïassociated matter

µØ²ãformation

µØ²ã³öÒºÁ¿formation fluid production

µØ²ãÆÆËéstraturn breaking

µØ²ãÇã½Ç´óhigher formation clination

µØ²ãË®formation water

µØ²ãËðº¦formation damage

µØÃæÑÒÐÄѹ¹¯surface core mercury injection test

µØÏÂË®groundwater , subsurface water

µØÓ¦Á¦ground stress

µØÖÊgeology

µØÖʹ¹Ôìgeologic structure

µí·Ûstarch

µç²âelectronic logging

µçµ¼ÂÊelectric conductivity

µçºÉelectricity

µç»¯Ñ§·¨electrochemistry method

µç½âÖÊelectrolyte

µç¾µ·ÖÎöelectronic microscope photos

µçλpotential fall

¦Îµçλzeta potential

µçÐÔelectric property

µçÓ¾·¨electrophoresis method

µç×Ó̽Õëelectron spectrum

µ÷²écensus

¶¥Ìæ¹ý³Ìdisplacing operation

¶¨Á¿Éè¼Æquantitative design

¶¨Ïò¾®direction well

¶¨×Óstator

¶³½ºgel

¶¯¾²µ¯ÐÔÄ£Á¿dynamic and static elasticity modulus

¶¯Á¦Îȶ¨ÐÔsettling stability

¶¯Á¦Ñ§kinetics

¶¯Ì¬ÂËʧdynamic filtration

¶¯ÇÐÁ¦yield value

¶¯ËܱÈratio of dynamic shear force/yield value to plastic viscosity

¶Â©plugging

¶ÂÈûseal

¶ÂÈû±È(DR) damage ratio

¶ÂÈûÎïbulkhead

¶ÂË®water shutoff

¶¾ÐÔ´óhigh toxicity

¶¾ÐÔÎÛȾ»·¾³toxicity ruins the environment

¶Ì¹ý¶Éshort transition time

¶ÌÏËάbrief fiber

¶Ï²ã·¢Óýmature fault

¶ÏÁÑ´øfaulted zone

¶Ô²ßcountermeasure

¶à²ú²ãmultilayered reservoir

¶à·ÖÖ§²à×ê¾®multi-lateral sidetracking well

¶à¹¦ÄÜÌí¼Ó¼Ámultifunction additive

¶à¿×½éÖÊporons medium

¶àÄ¿±ê¶¨Ïò¾®multi-target directional well

¶àÏàÎÈ̬½ºÌåÐü¸¡Ìåϵpolynomial gel suspension system

¶àÔª´¼polyatomic alcohol

¶àÔª·ÇÏßÐԻعémultielement non-linesr regression

¶àԪͳ¼Æmultivariate statistics

¶èÐÔ²ÄÁÏinert material

¶èÐÔÈ󻬼Áinert lubricant

E

¶þ´Î³Áµísecondary precipitation

¶þµþϵPermian system

¶þ¼×°·dimethylamine

¶þ¼×»ù¶þÏ©±û»ùÂÈ»¯ï§dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride

¶þ¼ÛÑôÀë×Óbivalent ion

¶þ¿ªsecond section

¶þÑõ»¯Ì¼£¨CO2£©carbon dioxide

¶þÔª¹²¾ÛÎïbinary polymer

F

·¢Æø¼Ágas-development

·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆdevelopment tendency

·´ÅŽâ¶Âplug removal by reverse flow

·¶ÊÏÁ¦van der waals force

·¶ÊÏÕ³¶È¼Æfann viscosimeter

·µ»Øgo back to

·½±ã×ê¾®Òº¸´ºÏ·Ûconvenient mud compound powder

·½³Ìequation

·¼ÏãÌþaromatic group

·À´ÜË®Äàanti-fluid-channeling cement

·À¸¯anti-corrosion

·À¿¨pipe-sticking prevention ,anti-sticking

·À©ʧlost circulation prevention

·ÀÆø´Üanti-fluid-channeling

·ÀËú»úÀímechanism of anti-caving

·ÀËú¼Áanti-caving/collapse agent , clay stabilizer

·ÀÖ¹prevent¡­from

·ÄÖ¯textile

·Å¿Õ²»·µloss of bit load with loss return

·ÅÉäÐÔʾ×Ù¼Áradioactive tracer tritium

·Ç¾ùÖÊnonhomogeneity

·ÇÀë×Ónonionic

·ÇÅ£¶ÙÁ÷Ìånon-newtonian fluid

·ÇÉø͸ÐÔimpervious

·ÏÄཬmud disposal

·Ðʯzeolite

·Ö²¼distribution

·Ö¶Î¹Ì¾®¼¼Êõstage cementing technology

·Ö¹â¶È·¨spectrophotometer

·ÖÀàdivision

·ÖÉ¢dispersion

·ÖÉ¢¼Ádispersant

·ÖÉ¢½éÖÊdispersion medium

·ÖÎöanalysis

·ÖÐÎÀíÂÛfractal theory

·ÖÐμ¸ºÎfractal geometry

·Ö×Ómolecules

·Ö×Ó¼äÄÜÁ¿½»»»energy exchange between molecules

·Ö×ÓÁ¿molecular weight

·Ö×ÓÁ´molecular chain

·Ö×ÓÐÎ̬shape of molecular chain

·Û³¾dust

·Ûú»Òfly ash

·ÛÄ©powder

·ÛÉ°ÖÊaleuritic texture

·ÓôÇ»ùµÄÁÚλ»ò¶ÔλÇâp-or o-hydrogen atom of phenolic group

·â±Õ¼Ásealing agent

·â±ÕÎȶ¨good isolation

·â¶Âformation sealing

·â¶Â¼Áformation sealant

·â¹Ì¶Îinterval isolation

·öÕýÆ÷centralizer

·úÅðËáborofluorhydric

¸¡Á¦Ð§Ó¦effect of buoyancy

·õ»¯ËÙ¶Èincubation

¸¡ÓÎÖ²Îïfloating vegetation

¸´ºÏcombine

¸´ºÏÀë×Ómultifunctional ionic

¸´ºÏÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïamphiprotic/amphoteric polymers ,

¸´ºÏ½ðÊôÁ½ÐÔÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïcomposite metal zwitterionic polymer

¸´ºÏ¾ÛºÏÎïÄཬcompound-polymer mud

¸´Åä·½°¸compositional formulation

¸´Ôӵزãcomplex formation, troublesome region ,trick formation

¸´ÔÓ¶Ècomplex rate

¸´ÔÓʱЧoutage time

¸´ÔÓÇé¿ödown-hole troublesome condition

¸¯Ê´corrosion

¸¯Ê´µçλcorrosion potential

¸¯Ê´ËÙÂÊcorrosion rate

¸¯Ö³Ëáhumate ,humic acid

¸¯Ö³Ëá¼Ø(KHm) potassium humic

¸¨ÁÏauxiliary material

¸ºnegative

¸ºÑ¹×ê¾®underbalanced drilling

·ûºÏaccord with

·ûºÏÂÊcoincidence rate

¸±²úÆ·by-product

¸½¼ÓÃܶÈaddition mud density

G

¸ÄÉÆÄà±ýÖÊÁ¿improvement of mud cake

¸ÄÐÔmodification

¸ÄÐÔµí·Ûmodified starch

¸ÄÐÔÁ¤Çàmodified asphalt

¸ÄÔìrefomation

¸Æcalcium

¸Æ·¯Ê¯ettringite

¸ÆÅòÈóÍÁÄÆ»¯sodium modified calcium betonite

¸É»ì°è¼¼Êõmixing technology

¸ÉÈÅinterfere with

¸ÊÓÍglycerol

ï¯zirconium

¸ß·Ö×Óhigher molecular weight

¸ß·Ö×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïmacromoleclar polymer

¸ß·Ö×ÓÐõÄý¼Ápolymer flocculant

¸ß¸ººÉhigh load

¸ß¼¶Ö¬·¾´¼Ê÷Ö¬higher fatty alcohol

¸ß¼Û½ðÊôÑôÀë×Óhigh valent cationic

¸ß½Ç¶È΢ÁÑ·ìhigh angle micro-fracture

¸ß¿ó»¯¶ÈµØ²ãË®highly mineralized formation brines

¸ßÁëÍÁkaolinite

¸ß¯¿óÔü(BFS) blast furnace slag

¸ßÃܶÈ×ê¾®Òºhigh density drilling fluid

¸ßÄѶÈhigh challenge

¸ßÕ³¶ÈÇåɨҺviscous sweeping fluid

¸ßÉ°±Èhigh sand ratio

¸ßξ²ÖÃquiescence in high temperature

¸ßÎÂÄཬhigh-temperature mud

¸ßÎüË®Á¿Ê÷Ö¬absorbent resin

¸ßθßѹÁ÷±äÒÇHTHP rheometer

¸ßЧÈ󻬼Ásuper lubricant

¸ßѹÑÎË®²ãhigh pressured slatwater layer

¸àÑÒ²ãgypsolyte

¸àÖÊÄàÑÒcreaming mudstone

¸à×´»Ç»¯Á¤Çàpaste sulphonated asphalt

¸ôÀë³åÏ´Òºspacer/flushing fluid

¸ôÀëĤisolating membrane

¸÷ÏòÒìÐÔanisotropy

¹¤³Ìengineering

¹²¾Ûcopolymerization

¹²¾ÛÎïcopolymer

¹²¾ÛÎïÀཱུճ¼Ácopolymer thinner

¹·ÍÈdogleg

¹¹ÔìÁÑ·ìstructural fracture

¹Ì»¯solidification

¹Ì»¯¼Áhardener , curing agent

¹Ì¾®¼¼Êõcementing technology

¹ÌÌåÍÅ¿ésolid cake

¹ÌÏàsolid phase

¹ÌÏຬÁ¿solid concentration

¹ÌÏà¿ÅÁ£solid particles

¹ÌÏà¿ÅÁ£ÇÖÈësolid invasion

¹ÌÏà¿ØÖƼ¼Êõsolid control technology

¹ÌÏàËðº¦damage of particles

¹ÌÒº·ÖÀë¼¼Êõcentrifugal separation method

ëÒ½ºguargum

¹Ï¶û½ºguar

¹ÒƬʧÖØ·¨weight loss method

¹Øµôµç»úturn off the power

¹âÆ×spectroscopy

¹èsilicone

¹è·Ûsilica powder

¹è·úfluosilicic

¹èÂÁ±Èratio of silicate to aluminium

¹èËáÄÆsodium silicate

¹èËáÑÎsilicate

¹öÂÖʧÖØ·¨roller weight loss method

¹úÄÚÍâhome and abroad

¹ý¶É½ðÊôtransitional metal

¹ýƽºâѹÁ¦over-balanced pressure

¹ýʣŨ¶Èresidual concentration

¹ýÑõ»¯Îïperoxide

º£ÂÌʯchlorite

º£ÉÏoffshore

º£Ë®Äཬsea water mud

º£Íåbay

º£ÑóÉúÎïmarine animal

º¬Á¿content

º¬Ë®Á¿moisture content

ºÄÑõÁ¿£¨COD£©chemical oxygen demand

ºÄÑõÁ¿(BOD520) biological oxygen demand

ºËÌÒ¿Ç·Ûwalnut shell flour

ºË´Å¹²Õñ£¨NMR£©nuclear magnetic resonance

ºÏ³Ésynthesis

ºÏ³É»ù×ê¾®Òºsynthetic base drilling fluid

ºÏ¸ñeligible

ºÏÀí¼¶Åäreasonable distribution

ºÖúlignite

ºÕ°ÍģʽHerschel-Buckley model

ºÚÉ«Õýµç½º(BPG) black positive gel

ºã¶¨ÂËʧËÙÂÊconstant filtration rate

ºù«´®irregular borehole

»¤½º¼Ácolloid protecting resistance

»¤½º×÷ÓÃcolloid stability

»¥²ãinterbeded

ºìÍâ¹âÆ×infrared spectrography

»¨¸ÚÑÒgranite

»®ÑÛ×÷Òµreaming operation

»¯Ñ§òüºÏ¼Áchelating agent

»¯Ñ§³åÏ´Òºchemically washing solution

»¯Ñ§½á¹¸(³Áµí) chemical precipitation

»·±£ÐÍenvironment friendly /acceptable

»·¾³±£»¤environment protection

»·¿Õµ±Á¿ÃܶÈannular equivalent density

»·¿Õ·µËÙvelocity in annular

»·¿ÕѹºÄannular pressure lost

»·Ñõ±ûÍéepoxypropare

»·ÑõÂȱûÍé(ECH) epoxy chloropropane ,epichlorohydric

»ºÊ´¼Ácorrosion inhibitor

»Ç»¯sulfonation

»Ç»¯·ÓÈ©Ê÷Ö¬sulfomethal phenolaldehy resin

»Ç»¯¼Ásulfonating agent

»Ç»¯Àà´¦Àí¼Ásulfonated additives

»Ç»¯Á¤Çàsulfonated gilsonite

»Ç»¯Á¤ÇàÄཬsulfonated-asphalt mud

»Ç¼×»ù·ÓÈ©Ê÷Ö¬sulfonated methypheuo formald-ehyde

»ÇËá»ùÍÅsulfonic acid group ,sulfo group

»ÒÉ«¹ØÁª·ÖÎö·¨gray relative analysis method

»ÒÑÒlimestone

»Ø¹é·ÖÎöregressive analysis

»ØÊÕÂÊrecovery percent

»ØÌ¸ûrefilling for plowland

»ð³ÉÑÒigneous rock

»ðɽÅç·¢ÑÒvolcanic

»ìºÏ½ðÊô²ã×´ÇâÑõ»¯Îï(MMLHC) mixed metal layer hydroxide compound

»ìºÏ½ðÊôÇâÑõ»¯Îï(MMH) mixed metal hydroxides

»ìºÏÏËάcomposite fiber

»ìºÏÑÎË®mixed salt

»î¶¯Ì×¹Ümoving casing

»î¶Èwater activity

»îÐÔ¹è»Òactivated grammite

»îÐÔÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïactive clayey mineral

»îÐÔÎÛÄà·¨activated sludge process

ºê¹Ûmacroscopic

J

»ùÒºbase fluid

»úеÁ¦mechanical

»úеÔÓÖÊmechanical impurity

»úе×êËÙ(ROP) rate of penetrate

¼°Ê±·´³ötimely return

¼«ÏÞ¼ôÇÐÕ³¶Èhigh shear viscosity

¼«ÏÞÓ¦±äultimate strain

¼«ÐÔ»ùÍÅpolar group

¼«Ñ¹È󻬼Ápressured/extreme lubricator

¼·¶Âsqueeze

¼¤¹â¶àÆÕÀÕ²âËÙÒÇ(LDA) laser Doppler anemometer

¼¤¹âÁ£¶ÈÒÇlaser particle analyzer

¼¤»î¼Áactivator

¼¼Êõ´ëÊ©technical measure

¼¼Êõ½²×ùworkshop for technology

¼¼Êõ¾­¼ÃЧ¹ûtechnical-economic effect

¼¼ÊõÌ×¹Üintermediate casing

¼¾ï§ÑÎquaternary ammonium, anionic group

¼Øpotassium ,kalium

¼Ø»ùʯ»ÒÄཬpotassium base lime mud

¼×¹èÍé»ù»¯´¦Àímethylsilicane

¼×»ùmethyl

¼×»ù¹èÓ;ۻǸßÃܶÈ×ê¾®Òºmethyl silicone oil polysulfonate

drilling fluid with high density

¼×È©formaldehyde , methanal

¼×ËáÑÎformate

¼ÓÁ¿dosage

¼ÓÖؼÁheavy weight additive

¼ÓÖØÄཬweighted mud

¼ÓÖØ×ê¾®Òº¡°´¹³Á¡±sag phenomenon of weighted drilling fluid

¼ÜÇÅÁ£×Óbridge particle

¼ÛÊývalence

¼à¶½supervision

¼îalkali

¼ò»¯Äཬ´¦Àísimplify mud treatment

¼ò½ébrief description

¼ì²é¾®inspection well

¼ì²âinspection/monitor

¼õÇá¼Álightening admixture

¼õ×è¼Áanti-friction agent , drag reducer

¼ôÇÐÆÆ»µshear failure

¼ôÇÐÏ¡ÊÍÄÜÁ¦shear thinning property , shearing dilution

¼ôÇÐÓ¦Á¦shear stress

¼übond

½¡¿µ,°²È«Óë»·¾³(HSE) health , safety and environment

¼ä϶clearance

½µ½â²úÎïdegradation products

½µÕ³»úÀíthinning mechanism

½µÕ³¼Áthinner,visbreaker

½µÊ§Ë®¼Áfluid loss agent/additive, filtration reducer

½º½áÇ¿¶Èbonding/consolidation strength

½º½áÊèËÉweak bonding

½ºÄÒÆƽº¼Áencapsulated gel breaker

½ºÄýgelatify

½ºÄýÐÔÖÊjellyfication

½ºÈélatex

½ºÌåÂÊcolloid fraction

½ºÌåÎȶ¨ÐÔcolloid stability

½ºÖÊgum

½»Áªcross-linking

½»Áª¼Ácross linker

½»Áª¶³½ºgel cross-linking

½»»»Òºexchange fluid

½Ó½üconcordant with

½á¹¸precipitation, scale deposit , fouling

½á¹¹¿É˲ʱÐγɻò²ðÉ¢quick formation and breaking

½á¹¹Ç¿¶Èstructural strength

½áºÏrefer to

½á¾§crystallization

½á¾§Ë®crystal water

½Ó´¥½Çcontact angle

½ÓÖ¦¹²¾ÛÎïgrafting copolymerization

½â¿¨¼Ápipe free agent

½éÖÊmedium

½çÃæinterface

½çÃ潺½áinterfacial cementation

½ðÊômetal

½ðÊôÀë×Ómetal ions

½ôÃܶѻýÀíÂÛtheory of high packing

½ü¾®±Únear-well zone

½üƽºâ×ê¾®near-balanced drilling

½þ³öÒºleaching agent

½þËá¸ÄÔìacidizing

¾­ÑéÐÔ×ܽá·ÖÎöempirical analysis

¾§¸ñlattice bond

¾»»¯¼¼Êõsolid control

¾®±ÚÎȶ¨borehole

¾®±ÚÎȶ¨hole stability ,stable borehole

¾®µ×downhole

¾®µ×¾²Ö¹Î¶ȵÍ(BHST) low borehole static temperature

¾®¶Îinterval/section

¾®¾¶well/hole gauge

¾®¾¶¹æÔòregular and consistent borehole gauge

¾®¾¶À©´óÂÊhole diameter enlargement rate

¾®¿Úwellhead

¾®Â©lost circulation

¾®Éí½á¹¹wellbore configuration

¾®Ï°²È«downhole safety

¾®Ï¸´ÔÓÇé¿ödown hole problem

¾®Ð±inclination

¾®ÑÛwell bore ,borehole

¾®Ñ۹켣well track

¾®ÑÛ¾»»¯hole cleaning

¾®ÑÛËõ¾¶hole shrinkage

¾®ÑÛÎȶ¨hole stability

¾®Ó¿kick

½þÅÝʱ¼äsoak time

¾²ÇÐÁ¦(½á¹¹Á¦) gel strength/static shear force

¾²Ëðº¦static damage

¾²Ì¬¹ÒƬ·¨static weight loss method

¾²Ì¬ÂËʧstatic filtration

¾²ÒºÖùѹ²îhydrostatic column pressure difference

¾²ÖÃquiescence

¾²Ö¹ÏûÅÝʱ¼ästatic defoaming time

¾²ÖóÁµístatic settlement

¾ÓÖÐcentralization

¾ÓÖжÈcentralizer

¾Û¦Á£­Ï©»ù¡¡¡¡polyalphaolifen

¾Û±ûÏ©Çàï§ÑÎammonium polyacryhoitril

¾Û±ûÏ©õ£°·(PAM) polyacrylamide

¾Ûµç½âÖÊpoly-electrolyte

¾ÛºÏ´¼polyalcohol , polyol

¾ÛºÏÎï²»·ÖÉ¢Äཬnon dispersed polymer mud

¾ÛºÏÎï½µÂËʧˮ¼Ápolymer filtration control agent

¾ÛºÏÎïÈý»ÇÑÎË®Äཬthree-sulfonated polymer salt mud

¾ÛºÏÎï×ê¾®Òºpolymer drilling fluid

¾ÛºÏÎï»ìÓÍ×ê¾®Òºpoly-oil mixture drilling fluid

¾Û»Ç×ê¾®Òºsulphonated polymer mud

¾Û½áÎȶ¨ÐÔcoagulation stability

¾ÛÒÒ¶þ´¼(PEG) polyethyleneglycol

¾ÛÒÒÏ©´¼(PVA) polyvinyl alcohol

K

¿¨É­·½³ÌCasson equation

¿¨×êpipe-sticking

¿¨×êÒò×Óstuck-pipe factor

¿±Ì½Ó뿪·¢exploration and development

¿ª·¢¾®development well

¿ª×êÄཬspud mud

¿¹³å»÷ÈÍÐÔtoughness

¿¹³å»÷ÐÔimpact resistance

¿¹µç½âÖÊpotential resistance to electrolyte contamination

¿¹¸Æcompatibility of calcium

¿¹Áѳ̶Èrupture strength

¿¹Î¿¹ÑÎheat and salinity tolerance

¿¹Ñ¹Ç¿¶Ècompressive strength

¿¹ÕÛÇ¿¶Èbreaking strength

èེtannin , quebrocho

¿Ëgram

¿ÅÁ£particle

¿ÅÁ£¼¶ÅäÀíÂÛtheory of granulartity

¿Á¿Ìrigorous

¿É±äÐÎÁ£×Ódeformation particle

¿É¿¿inerrable

¿ÉÄæreversible

¿ÉÈÜÐÔÑÎsoluble salt

¿ÉѹËõÐÔcompressibility

¿ÉÓÃÐÔfeasibility

¿É×êÐÔdrillability

¿Ì¶ÈÅÌdial scale

¿ÓÄÚÃÜ·â·¨seal in a pit

¿ÕÆøʪ¶Èair humidity

¿×¶´cavern

¿×ºípore throat

¿×϶pore

¿×϶¶È²â¾®porosity log

¿×϶ѹÁ¦pore pressure

¿×϶Һpore fluid

¿ì×ê¼Áquick drilling

¿ó»¯¶Èmineral salt concentration , mineralization

¿óʯore

¿óÎïmineral

¿óÎï×é·Ömineralogical composation

¿óÎᄃÌåmineral crystal

¿óÎïÓÍmineral oil

¿óÔüslag

À©É¢diffusion

L

ÀÏ»¯Ê±¼äageing time

ÀÏÇømaturing field

À×ŵÊýRenault number

Àà±ðcategory

Àۼƺñ¶Ègross thickness

ÀÛÍÐʯrectorite

Á¤Çàasphalt ,gilsonite,bitumen

Á¤ÇàÀà²úÆ·gilsonite and similar materials

ÀëÐÄ·¨Ãô¸ÐÐÔÆÀ¼Ûcentrifugation sensitivity evaluation

ÀëÐÄ»úcentrifugal machine

ÀëÐÄ»ú¹Ì¿Ø¼¼Êõcentrifugal solid control

Àë×Óionic

Àë×ÓÐÎ̬ionic forms

Á£¶Ègrain grade

Á£¶È·Ö²¼particles/size distribution

Á£¶È·ÖÎöparticles size analysis

Á£×Óparticle

Àùʯ³äÌîgravel pack

Á¬Í¨ÐÔformation communication

Á¬ÐøÌáÈ¡·¨continuous extraction

Á½ÄýË®Äཬtwo-stage cementing cement

Á½ÐÔÀë×Ózwitter ionic

ÁÑ·ìfissure

ÁÑ·ì±Úside of fracture plugging

ÁÑ϶µØ²ãfractured formation

ÁÑ϶ÖͺóЧӦfracture lag-effect

ÁÚ¾®offset/adjacent well

ÁÖ²úforestry

ÁÜÏ´Á¿wash out amount

Á×phosphorus

Á×Ëáphosphate

Á×ËáÇâ¶þï§diammonium phosphate

Á×ËáÑÎphosphate salt

Á×Ëáõ¥organic phosphate

ÁÙ½çµãcritical point

Áٽ绷¿ÕÁ÷ËÙcritical annular fluid velocity

ÁÙ½çÁ÷Á¿critical flow velocity

ÁÙ½çÑζÈcritical salinity

Áãµãzero point

ÁãÎöË®zero free water

Áòsulfur

Áò»¯Çâhydrogen sulfide

Áò»¯Îïsulfide

ÁòËásulfate

ÁòËáÄÆsodium sulphate

Á÷±ä²ÎÊýreheological parameter

Á÷±äģʽreheology model

Á÷±äÐÔrheology behavior

Á÷±äÐÔÄܸĽø¼Árheology conditioner

Á÷±äѧrheology

Á÷¶¯¶Èfluidity

Á÷¶¯½éÖÊflow media

Á÷¶¯¿×ºíflowing pore throat

Á÷¶¯Ä¦×èѹÁ¦flowage friction drag

Á÷¶¯ÊµÑéflow test

Á÷¶¯×èÁ¦flow resistance

Á÷ɳ²ãdrift sand formation

Á÷̬flow pattern

Á÷ÌåÁ¦Ñ§hydromechanics theory

Á÷ÌåÊäËͼõ×èaccelerating fluid feeding

Á÷ÐÍfluid type

©¶·Õ³¶Èfunnel viscosity

©ʧlost circulation

©ʧ²ãλlocation of the thief zone

©ʧͨµÀporous media

½ÉÏonshore

±³æ(¼×¿ÇÀදÎï) crustacean

±ˮbitter

(luo) chromium

ÂçºÏcoordination ,chelate

ÂçºÏÐÐΪÈÈЧӦthermal effect of the coordination

¼¾®log

ÂãÑÛopen well

ÂãÑÛ¾®¶Îbarefoot interval

Â˱ýfilter cake

ÂËʧÁ¿filtration

Â˱ýµçÐÔÖÊelectro kinetic property

ÂËÒºfiltrate

ÂËÒºÇÖÈëfiltrate invasion

ÂÁaluminum

ÂÁËáÑÎaluminate

ÂÈ·Óchlophenol

ÂÈ»¯¸Æ(CaCl2) calcium chloride

ÂÈ»¯Îïchloride

KClÈÜÒºpotassium chloride solution

M

ÂíÀ´Ëáôûmaleic anhydride

ÂñÉîburial depth

Âú×ã¡­ÐèÒªmeet requirement of

ÂüÄáÏ£·´Ó¦Mannick reaction

âÏõ²ãchuco

ëϸ¹ÜÎüÊÕʱ¼ä²â¶¨ÒÇ(CST) capillary suction timer

ëϸ¹ÜѹÁ¦capillary pressure

øenzyme

ú²ãcoal bed

ú²ãÆø´¢²ãcoalbed methane reservoir

þmagnesium

ÃÅÏÞÁ÷¶¯Ñ¹²îthreshold differential pressure of flow

ÃÉÍÑʯsmectite

ßä´í»ùimidazoline

̄ȝether

ÃÜ°·Ê÷Ö¬melamine resin

ÃܱÕÒºsealing fluid

ÃܶÈdensity

ÃÜʵdense

ÃÝÂÉģʽpower law method

Ãô¸ÐÐÔsensitivity

Ãô¸ÐÐÔÁ÷¶¯ÊµÑéflowrate test

Ĥfilm , membrane

ĥϳmill

Ħ²Áfriction

Ħ²Á¸¶friction couples

Ħ²ÁϵÊýfriction coefficient

Ħ×èËðʧfriction loss

Ä©¶Ëëϸ¹Ü×èÁ¦terminal capillary pressure

ľÖÊËØ»ÇËáÑÎlignosulfonate

Ä£Äâanalog, simulate

ģʽ(ÐÍ) model

Ä¿mesh

N

ÄÉÃײÄÁÏnano-composite material

ÄÉÃ×¼¼Êõnano-tech

ÄÆsodium

ÄÆ»¯sodium treatment

ÄÆÅòÈóÍÁÄཬsodium bentonite mud

ÄÒÒÂcapsule dressing

ÄÒоcapsule-core

ÄÚ¾ÛÁ¦cohesion

ÄÚĦ²Á½Çinternal frictional angle

ÄÚÄà±ýinternal filter cake

ÄÚÇÐÔ²°ë¾¶inscribed circle radius

ÄÚÏ©Ìþisomerised olefins

ÄÚÔ´ºÍÍâÔ´¿ÅÁ£endogenous and exogenous granula

ÄÚÔÚÒòËØintermediate factor

ÄÜÁ¿½»»»energy exchange

Äà°übit balling

Äà±ýmud-cake

Äà±ýÇ¿¶È³åË¢ÒÇmud filter cake tester

Äཬ´¦Àímud treatment

Äཬ¸ú×Ù¼Ámud tracer

ÄཬÅä·½mud formula

Äཬת»¯ÎªË®Äཬ(MTC) mud to cement

ÄàÑÒmudstone , conglomerate

ÄàÒ³ÑÒshale , argillutite

ÄàÖʸàÑÒargillaceous

Õ³¶Èviscosity

Õ³¶È¼«´óÖµmaximum viscosity

Õ³¶È¼Æviscosimeter

Õ³¸½adhere

Õ³¸½ÕÅÁ¦adhesive tension

Õ³µ¯ÐÔviscoelastic

Õ³ÍÁclay

Õ³ÍÁ·Ö¼¶ÆÀ¼Û·¨method of grading mud-making clay

Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï²ã¼ä¾à(d001) crystal indices

Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎﺬÁ¿clay mineral content

Õ³ÍÁƬclay latice

Õ³ÍÁÅòÕÍclay swelling

Õ³ÍÁÅòÕͱ¶Êýswelling ratio of clays

Õ³ÍÁÎȶ¨ÐÔclay stability

Õ³ÐÔÁ÷Ìåviscous fluid

ÄûÃÊËácitric acid

Äý¹Ìµãfreezing point

ÄýÎöÓÍcondensate oil

Å£¶ÙÁ÷ÌåNewtonian fluid

Ť¾àtorque

Ũ¶Èconcentration

ŨÁòËástrong sulfuric

ŨËõconcentration

O

ÅÅÁÐline along

ÅÅÇýѹÁ¦displacement pressure

ÅÅË®water draining

ÆÊÃæͼprofile map

ÅÝÄ­Á÷ÌåʵÑé×°ÖÃaerated fluid test simulator

ÅÝÄ­¼Áfoaming agent

ÅÝÄ­Ë¥±ä»úÀífoam decay mechanism

ÅÝÄ­ÖÊÁ¿foam quality

ÅÝÄ­×ê¾®Òºfoam drilling fluid

Åä·½formula ,recipe ,composition

Å佬ʱ¼ädrilling fluid preparing time

ÅäλÌåligand

ÅäÎéÐÔcompatibility

ÅäÖÆmadeup

ÅèµØbasin

Åçblowout

ÅçÉä×ê¾®jet drilling

Åç×ìÕ³¶Ènozzle viscosity

ÅòÈóÍÁbentonite ,montmorillonite

ÅòÈóÍÁº¬Á¿bentonite content

ÅòÕÍswell

ÅòÕͼÁsweller

ÅòÕÍÂÊexpansion ratio

ÅòÕÍÐԶ©²ÄÁÏexpandable plugging additives

Å𶳽ºboracium gel

ÅðÉ°borax

ÅðËáÑÎborate

Æ«ÐĶÈexcentricity

Æ«ÒÆshift

ƬÂéÑÒgneiss

ƯÖéhollow microsphere

Æ·ÖÖvariety

ƽºâÏßÅòÕÍÂÊequalibrium linear expansion value

ƽºâѹÁ¦×ê¾®balanced drilling

ÆÀ¼Ûevaluation

ÆÀ¼Û±ê×¼evaluation criterion

ÆÀ¼Û¾®appraisal well

ƽ°åÐͲãÁ÷plate laminar flow

ƽ¾ù¾®Éîaverage well depth

ƽ¾ùÏßÅòÕÍÂÊaverage expansion rate

ƽ¾ùÖ±¾¶mean diameter

ÆÁ±Î»·shielding zone

ÆÁ±ÎÔݶ¼¼Êõtemporary shielding method ,barrier-building temporary seal incores

Æƽº¼Ágel breaker

ÆƽºÐÔbreaking property

ÆÆÁÑѹÁ¦fracture pressure

ÆÆÁÑѹÁ¦ÌݶÈfracture pressure gradient

ÆÆÈébreak the emulsion

ÆÆÈé¼Ádemulsifying agent

ÆÏÌÑÌÇglucose

Q

Æðµ½ÖØÒª×÷ÓÃplay an important role

ÆðÅݼÁfrothing agent

ÆðÏÂ×ê×迨blockage during tripping

ÆøÒº±íÃæÄÜgas-liquid interface energy

ǨÒÆmigration

Ç°ÖÃÒºprepad fluid

Ǧ£¨Pb£©lead

DZÔÚÒòËØimplicit factor

DZɽburied hill

dz¸ßѹÆø²ãshallow high pressure gas formation

dzº£shallow-water , neritic area

dz¾®shallow well

Ƕ¶Î¾ÛºÏÎïblock polymer

Ç·±¥ºÍÑÎË®×ê¾®Òºunsaturated salt water drilling fluid

Ƿƽºâ×ê¾®underbanlanced drilling

Ƿѹʵuncompaction

ôÇ»ùhydroxy

ôÇ»ùË®hydroxy water

ôDZû»ùµí·Ûhydroxypropul starch

ôÇÒÒ»ùÏËάËØhydroxyethyl cellulose

Ç¿Ô콬ÈíÄàÑÒhigh mud making soft shale

ÇŶ¼Ábridge additive

ÇÐÁ¦shearing force

ÇÖÈëÉî¶Èinvasion depth

ÇÖÊ´erosion

Ç׺˻¯Ñ§Îü¸½nucleophyllic chemical adsorption

Ç×Ë®»·¾³hydrophilic environment

Ç×Ë®ÐÔhydrophilcity

Ç×ÓÍÐÔlipophilic

Çâhydrogen

Çâ·úËáhydrofluoric acid

Çâ¼ühydrogen bond

ÇâÑõ»¯ÄÆalkali

ÇâÑõ»¯¸Æcalcium hydroxide

ÇåɨҺsweeping fluid

ÇåË®clear water

ÇåÏ´¼Ácleaning agent

òßÂÚacrylon fiber

òßÂÚ·ÑË¿nitrilon

Çã½Çdip angle

ÇðÁêhill type

ÇòÐνºÊøroundness glues

Çø¿éblock

Çü·þÇ¿¶Èshear strength

Çü·þÖµyielding point

Çú±ßÈý½ÇÐÎcurved line trangle

È¡´ú¶Èsubstituted ratio

ȡоcore,coring operation

ȡо½ø³ßcoring footage

ȡоÊÕ»ñÂÊcoring recovery rate

ÇúÏßcurve

È¥³ýwipe off

È©aldehyde

R

ÈȲɾ®thermal production wells

ÈÈ·ÖÎöthermoanalysis

Èȹöhot aging

Èȹö·ÖɢʵÑéroller oven test , hot rolling test

ÈÈÁ¦Ñ§thermodynamics

ÈÈÄýÏð½ºcoagulative rubber

ÈÈЧӦthermal effect

ÈÈÎȶ¨ÐÔtemperature resistance ,heat stability ,stability

at high temperature

ÈÈÖØ·¨(TG) thermogravimetry

È˹¤Éñ¾­ÍøÂçartificial neural network

ÈÍÐÔtenacity

ÈÍÐÔÁ£×Ótenacity particle

ÈÕ²úÆødaily gas

ÈÚºÏamalgamation

Èܶ´cave

Èܽºsol

ÈܽâÑõdissolved oxygen

ÈÜÊ´corrode

ÈÜÊ´ÐԿ׶´solution cave

ÈÜÒºsolution

ÈáÐÔ°ô×´½ºÊøflexibility claviform glues

Èä³æ×´½ºÊøvermiculate glues

ÈéµÎ¾Û½áʵÑéemulsion drop aggregation test

È黯emulsify ,emulsion

È黯¼Áemulsifier

È黯×ê¾®Òºemulsion drilling fluid

È黯×÷ÓÃemulsification

Èë¾®Òºworking fluid

Èí»¯µãÁ¤Çàsoftening point asphalt

ÈíÄàÑÒsoft mudstone

Èí¼þ°üsoftware package

È󻬼Álubricant

Èó»¬ÒÇlubricity tester

Èóʪ·´×ªwetting transition , wettability reversed

ÈóʪÐÔwettability

ÈõÃæweak plane

S

ÈûÁ÷¶¥Ìæplug-flow displacement

3r/min¶ÁÖµ3r/m reading

Èý¸ßÒ»Êʵ±(3H1S) three high and one proper

Èý»Ç±¥ºÍÑÎË®Äཬthree-sulfonated-polymer-saturated-brine mud

Èý¼Ø°·dimethyl amine

Èý¼×»ùµ¥Ï©±û»ùÂÈ»¯ï§trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride

ÈýάÍø×´½á¹¹three-dimensional network structure

ÈýÒÒ´¼°·triethavolamine

É¢Éäscatter

ï¤cesium

Éä¿×perforation

Éä¿×Òºperforation fluid

X-ÉäÏß¼ÆËã»ú²ãÎö¼¼Êõ(CT) computerized tomography

ɳÀùÑÒglutenite

É°ÄàÑÒsand shale

É°ÑÒsand ,sandstone

ɱ¾ú¼Ábacteriostat

ɸ¹Üscreen pipe

ÉϱÃÈÝÒ×easy pumpability

Éϲ¿µØ²ãupper formation /segment

ÉϹÅÉú½çupper palaeozoic

ÉÏÉýÇ÷ÊÆescalating trend

ÉÏÏÂÃܶȲîdifference of densities

ÉÏÏÂÏÞtop and bottom limitation

ÉÏÓÎÁìÓòupstream

ɨÃèµç¾µ(SEM) scanning electronic microscope

Éè¼Ædesign

Éè¼ÆÔ­Àídesign principle

Éñ¾­ÍøÂçnerve network

É͸Éä¿×ǹµ¯deep penetrating bullet

Éî¶Èdepth

Éî¾®×ê¾®deep drilling

Éî̽¾®exploration well

ÉøÁ÷phase flow s

Éø©leakage

Éø͸peculation `

Éø͸ÂÊfluid permeability

Éø͸Âʸ÷ÏòÒìÐÔpermeability anisotropy

Éø͸Âʻָ´Öµreturn permeability

Éø͸ˮ»¯osmotic hydration

Éø͸ÐԵزãpermeable formation

ÉøÎö´¿»¯¡¡¡¡purified by dialysis method

Éù²¨²â¾®sonic logging

Éù·ùÖµacoustic amplitude

Éú²úÄÜÁ¦production capacity

Éú̬»·¾³ecology environment

ÉúÎï´¦Àíbiological treatment

ÉúÎﶾÐÔbiotoxicity

ÉúÎï½µ½âbiological degradation

ÉúÎï¾ÛºÏÎïbiological polymer ,xanthan

ÉúÎïÁ÷»¯´²·¨biological fluid bed method

ÉúÎïÂ˳ط¨bio-filter process

ÉúÎïתÅÌ·¨biological rotary method

ʵÑétrail

Ê®°Ë´¼octadecanol

ʧˮwater loss

ʧÖØweightlessness, weight loss

ʱ¼äÍÆÒƼ¼Êõtime delaying method

ʯ¸àgypsolyte, gypsum

ʯ»Òlime

ʯÀ¯alpha , paraffin wax

ʯ̿ϵcarboniferous system

ʯӢquartz

ʯÓͼӹ¤oil refinery

ʯÓÍÁÑ»¯petroleum cracking process

Ê©¹¤×÷Òµfield operation

ʹÊÂÊfailure rate

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Even some ardent conservationists acknowledge that the diversity of life on Earth cannot be fully sustained as human populations expand use more resources nudge the climate and move weedlike pests and predators from place to place.

Given that some losses are inevitable the debate among many experts has shifted to an uncomfortable subject what level of loss is acceptable. The discussion is taking place at both the local and global levels How small can a fragment of an ecosystem be and still function in all its richness and thus be considered preserved?And as global biodiversity diminishes is it a valid fallback strategy to bank organisms and genes in zoos DNA banks or the like or does this simply justify more habitat destruction?Is nature on ice a sufficient substitute for the real thing?Some conservation groups have strenuously avoided or even attacked such calculations and strategies. They say there is no safe diminution of habitat as long as human understanding of ecology is as sketchy as it is a fallback strategy is unthinkable. Furthermore banking nature in a deep freeze or database of gene sequences cannot capture context. For instance even if a vanished bird was someday reconstituted from its genes would it warble with the same fluency as its ancestors?On the other side of the debate those considering what the smallest viable habitats are or how to expand archives as an insurance policy say that recent trends have proved that old conservation strategies are no longer sufficient. A few decades ago the issue seemed fairly uncomplicated identify biological ¡°hot spots¡± or species of concern and establish as many reserves as possible. But the picture has grown murky.

Twenty?four years ago Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy and other biologists began a remarkable experiment on the fast?eroding fringe of rain forest near the Brazilian city ofManaus. They established 11 forest tracts ranging from 2.5 to 250 acres each surrounded by an isolating sea of pasture similar to what is advancing around most other tropical forests. Among the many findings an analysis published last week on birds in the lower layers of greenery found that it would take a fragment measuring at least 2 500 acres¡ª10 times as large as the biggest one in the experiment¡ªto prevent a decline of 50 percent in those bird varieties in just 15 years or so.

In the understated language of science the new study in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concludes¡°This is unfortunate when one considers that for some species?rich areas of the planet a large proportion of remaining forest is in fragments smaller than 2 500 acres.¡±

In the face of this and other evidence a growing group of conservation biologists say try everything at the same time. ¡°Clearly the most effective way to protect biodiversity is to protect natural areas ¡± said Dr. Peter H. Raven the director of theMissouriBotanical Garden¡°and to find those organisms most endangered in nature and somehow protect them in type?culture collections botanical gardens zoos seed banks or whatever.¡±But most important he said is to find ways to limit human pressures on the world¡¯s last wild places by slowing population growth and using resources more efficiently. One pioneer of genetic deconstruction Dr. J. Craig Venter agrees with Dr. Raven. Dr. Venter has moved from sequencing the DNA of humans and other species to assaying genes in entire ecosystems most recently the waters of the?SargassoSea. In five 50?gallon samples gathered in February he said his team had found 1 million distinct genes quite a haul compared with the 26 000 or so of a human being. And that is the tiniest scratch in the surface he added. His is one effort among many.Britainhas a Millennium Seed Bank a growing archive of all the country¡¯s plants. The San Diego Zoo has its parallel Frozen Zoo an archive of thousands of DNA samples and cell lines from a host of species. Nonetheless given the overwhelming complexity of nature Dr. Venter added ¡°we¡¯re better off trying to preserve the diversity of what we have rather than trying to regenerate it in the future.¡±

 

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